Person Page

     Clayton Francis Smith was born on 8 March 1894 in Catahoula Parish, Louisiana.^4,5,3 He married Willie Mae Sapp, daughter of Asa Jourdan Sapp and Mary Elizabeth Glover, on 5 August 1921 (although a 7 August 1921 news article says they were married "yesterday") at the county courthouse in Natchez, Adams Co., Mississippi.^3,1 He died on 23 October 1970 at Baton Rouge General Hospital in Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, at age 76.⁶ He was buried at Roselawn Memorial Park and Mausoleum in Baton Rouge.^6,7
     During World War I he served overseas with the U.S. Army as a private first class in Co. F, 12th Engineers, enlisting on 8 June 1917. He returned home on the USS Cape May, sailing from Bordeaux, France, on 14 April 1919, and arriving in Brooklyn, New York, on 27 April. He was discharged on 16 May 1919.^5,8
     He and his wife Willie have not been found in the 1930 census. They are listed in Istrouma, an unicorporated community less than two miles from Baton Rouge, in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, in 1940⁹, and in Baton Rouge proper in 1950. Their daughter Francis and her husband Alvin Hodges were living with them in 1950.¹⁰
     In 1917, before the war, he was working as a carpenter doing railway maintenance for the Missouri Pacific Railway Co. in Catahoula Parish, Louisiana.² He later worked for Humble Oil and Refining (part of Standard Oil of New Jersey) in Baton Rouge.⁶

     John Henry Bruce was born on 27 December 1854 in Lee Bayou, Catahoula Parish, Louisiana.^2,3,4 (His cemetery marker says 27 December 1852, but the 1854 date from the Vick genealogy is consistent with his age of 5 in the 1860 census, and his age of 44 in his death record.)⁵ He married Matilda Glover, daughter of John George Glover and Emily Vick Morse, on 25 April 1878 in Sicily Island, Catahoula Parish.^1,2 He died on 9 March 1899 in Natchez, Adams Co., Mississippi, at age 44 from spinal meningitis.^6,4,2 He was initially buried in the "Field Plat" (a section of Natchez City Cemetery).⁴ His body was later sent to Florence, Louisiana, and reburied at McIntosh Plantation Cemetery in Clayton, Concordia Parish, Louisiana.^7,5
     He and his wife Matilda are listed in Ward 1, Catahoula Parish, Louisiana, in the 1880 census. His brother Orville was then living with them.⁸

     Frederick Southmayd Bruce was born on 9 February 1879 in Lee Bayou, Catahoula Parish, Louisiana.^2,6 He married Lucy M. Register, daughter of John W. Register and Mary Hudson, on 9 June 1909 in Natchez, Adams Co., Mississippi.^7,6 They divorced in 1925 in Vidalia, Concordia Parish, Louisiana.⁶ He died on 30 March 1971 at the Pine Crest Guest Home in Hazelhurst, Copiah Co., Mississippi, at age 92.⁸ He was buried at Natchez City Cemetery in Natchez.^8,9
     In 1910 he and his wife Lucy were living with his parents in Catahoula Parish, Louisiana, along with their infant son Frederick Jr. and niece Ruth Gillespie.¹⁰ They moved to Ferriday, Concordia Parish, Louisiana, sometime before 1920, when they were listed there in the census.¹¹
     In 1930, after his divorce, he was living as a roomer with J. P. Deboe and his family in Eudora, Chicot Co., Arkansas.¹² He was back in Ferriday by 1935, and is listed there in the 1940 and 1950 censuses.^13,14
     He was a conductor and brakeman for the Missouri Pacific Railroad.^{10,11,12,15,2}

     Arlette Bruce was born on 30 January 1882 in Lee Bayou, Catahoula Parish, Louisiana.^3,4 She married first William Israel Gillespie, son of W. D. Gillespie, on 25 June 1898 in Lee Bayou.^5,6 She married second Arthur Louis Knesel, son of Martin P. Knesel and Rosalie Bouche, on 2 July 1916 (see below).^2,7,3 She died on 10 October 1928 at the Louisiana Retreat in New Orleans, Orleans Parish, Louisiana, at age 46 from a stomach ulcer.^2,8 She was buried at Greenwood Cemetery in New Orleans.^7,9
     The date of 2 July 1916 for her marriage to Arthur Knesel is from the Vick genealogy, and may be wrong.³ Arthur served overseas with the U.S. Army from June 1918 to May 1919¹⁰, and on 7 January 1920 was listed as single and living with his parents in New Orleans when enumerated in the census.¹¹
     She and her first husband William are listed in Ward 1, Catahoula Parish, Louisiana, in the 1900 census.⁴
     She moved from New Orleans to El Paso, El Paso Co., Texas, about March 1920, perhaps with her second husband Arthur, where she took a position as head nurse at a new tuberculosis sanatorium being built in Highland Park, headed by Dr. A. D. Long.¹² Lettie is listed there in the 1921 city directory, and they are both listed there in 1922 and 1923.¹³
     She and Arthur moved to Denver, Colorado, about 1923, where they are listed in the 1924 city directory.¹⁴

     George Glover Bruce was born on 31 May 1884 in Lee Bayou, Catahoula Parish, Louisiana.^3,1,4 He married first Willie Lancaster, daughter of Enos Lancaster and May Emma Neal, on 29 April 1908 in Natchez, Adams Co., Mississippi.^5,4 He married second Eva Katherine Matthews, daughter of William Washington Matthews and Alice M. Jones, on 14 September 1949 in Marion, Crittenden Co., Arkansas.^6,7 He died on 9 August 1952 (the Vick genealogy erroneously says 6 December 1945) at home in Little Rock, Pulaski Co., Arkansas, at age 68 from a heart attack.^1,7,4 He was buried at Riverview Cemetery in Monroe, Ouachita Parish, Louisiana.⁸
     He and his first wife Willie are listed in Ferriday, Concordia Parish, Louisiana, in the 1910 census, along with their son George Arthur Bruce (listed as Auther). Living with them, but listed as a separate household, were George's sister Agnes and her husband Robert Ragland, plus Ramer Lancaster (the first name is difficult to read), listed as a brother-in-law.⁹
     They are listed in Monroe, Ouachita Parish, Louisiana, in the censuses from 1920 to 1940. In 1920 they had a boarder Lillian Laree, and a lodger Lincoln Ream.^10,11,12
     In April 1950, seven months after his marriage to Eva Matthews, he was again enumerated in Monroe in the census, while Eva was enumerated on her own in Little Rock, Pulaski Co., Arkansas. George's son George, age 41, was then separated from his wife and living with him.^13,14
     He was a locomotive engineer for the Missouri Pacific Railroad for 50 years, on the Monroe, Louisiana, to Little Rock, Arkansas, route.^7,3

     Harold Daniels Bruce was born on 17 October 1886 in Lee Bayou, Catahoula Parish, Louisiana.^3,5 He married first Dewetta Willie Hornsby, daughter of Mary Davis, on 29 December 1907 at the home of the bride's cousin W. E. Wren in Natchez, Adams Co., Mississippi.^6,7 He married second Catherine Meyers, daughter of Cicero Jacob Meyers and Florence Duncle, on 30 February 1930 [sic] in Jena, La Salle Parish, Louisiana.^8,4,9,10,11 He died on 4 December 1933 at Ferriday Hospital in Ferriday, Concordia Parish, Louisiana, at age 47, after being shot the previous afternoon (details below).^4,12 He was buried at Old Pine Hill Cemetery in Sicily Island, Catahoula Parish.¹³
     He usually went by the name Henry^5,14, or sometimes Hal.⁴
     He and his first wife Willie are listed in Ward 1, Catahoula Parish, Louisiana, in the 1910 and 1920 censuses.^14,15 He's listed there with his second wife Katie in the 1930 census, along with his daughter Catherine from his first marriage, and a nephew, Hal McGee.¹⁰
     At the time of his marriage in 1907 he was a "railroad man" working for the Northwestern, having previously worked for the Illinois Central.⁷ In the 1910 to 1930 censuses, however, he's listed as a farmer (specifically, a cotton farmer in 1930).^14,15,10 He also served as the federal agent for tick eradication in Catahoula Parish¹⁶, and was a member of the school board.¹⁷
     His death was the result of a shooting on 3 December 1933. He had driven to a roadhouse run by Ralph Lawrence about two miles east of Clayton in Concordia Parish, and Lawrence's wife and her brother with him. According to news reports there was a longstanding grudge between Bruce and Lawrence, and Lawrence ended up shooting him. After the shooting, Lawrence took him to a doctor in Clayton, and together they took him to a hospital in Ferriday, where he died the next day.² On his death certificate, his death was ruled an accident.⁴
     Lawrence and his wife's brother Colbert Jordan were tried for the killing in February 1934 in Vidalia, Concordia Parish. Lawrence testified that Bruce had been seeing his wife. He also said that Bruce had sent word that he "had a pistol and would use it." According to Lawrence, Bruce fired first, and he shot back in self defense.¹⁸ On 8 February 1934 both men were found not guilty.¹⁹

     Agnes Lillian Bruce was born on 12 February 1889 in Lee Bayou, Catahoula Parish, Louisiana.^5,6,3 She married first Robert Ireland Ragland, son of Anceland J. Ragland and Elizabeth Ford, on 1 June 1909 in Natchez, Adams Co., Mississippi.^7,8,9 They were divorced (filed by Agnes) in April 1926 in El Paso, El Paso Co., Texas,¹⁰ then remarried on 30 September 1927 in Adams Co., Mississippi.² She married as her second husband (third marriage) James Ellis Hutchinson, son of Bascomb B. Hutchinson and Elizabeth P. Ellis, sometime between 1940, when Agnes was listed as a widow in the census, and 1949, when her mother's obituary lists her as Mrs. Agnes Hutchinson.^{3,11,12,13,14} She died on 30 November 1973 at age 84, when she was shot during a break-in at her home in Catahoula Parish. (See below for details.)¹⁵ She was buried at Old Pine Hill Cemetery in Sicily Island, Catahoula Parish.^15,6
     She and her first husband Robert are listed in Ferriday, Concordia Parish, Louisiana, in the 1910 census, in the same house as Agnes's brother George and his family, but as a separate household. Living with them was Ramer Lancaster (the first name is difficult to read), listed as a brother-in-law.⁸
     By 1918 they had moved to El Paso, El Paso Co., Texas, where Robert is listed in the city directories from 1918 to 1925¹⁶, and Agnes is listed from 1920 to 1923 and 1925 to 1927.¹⁷ They are also listed there together in the 1920 census.¹⁸ They then moved back to Louisiana, probably in 1927 when they were remarried in nearby Adams Co., Mississippi.² They are listed together in Monroe, Ouachita Parish, Louisiana, in the 1930 census.¹⁹
     Agnes is again listed in Monroe in 1940, after her first husband's death.¹¹ She is listed with her second husband James in Ward 1, Catahoula Parish, Louisiana, in 1950.²⁰
     In 1920 she was working as a bookkeeper at the Sheldon Hotel in El Paso.^18,21 In November 1920 she moved to Long's Sanatorium, a tuberculosis treatment facility in El Paso, as superintendent and business manager, and where her sister Lettie was head nurse.^22,23 She was back at the Sheldon Hotel in 1922, as cashier at the hotel cafe.²⁴ From 1925 to 1927 she worked at the Elite Laundry Co. in El Paso, first as a clerk, then assistant bookkeeper, then bookkeeper.²⁵ After moving back to Louisiana, she was a bookkeeper for a bakery in 1930¹⁹, and for a radio repair shop in 1940.¹¹
     As noted above, she was shot and killed on 30 November 1973 during a break-in at her home. News reports said that when she heard someone trying to break in she called a neighbor, who heard a shot, and Agnes told her she'd been shot. Jesse Wilson, age 21, who had done odd jobs at her house in the past, was arrested, and indicted for murder on 17 December.^15,26
     The trial began on 25 March 1974 at the Seventh District Court in Harrisonburg, Catahoula Parish. Testimony showed that Wilson first shot Agnes through the window, then went in and shot her twice more. He stole a 32-caliber pistol that was later found at his grandmother's house.²⁷ The jury found him guilty of first-degree murder on 27 March after just 36 minutes of deliberation. Under a Louisiana law enacted earlier that year, that verdict meant a mandatory death penalty²⁸, and he was formally sentenced on 30 May to death at the state penitentiary at Angola.²⁹ His lawyer filed an appeal, and in late June 1975 the Louisiana Supreme Court upheld the conviction and death sentence.³⁰
     In the meantime, while being held in the Catahoula Parish jail, on 18 November 1974 Wilson and another inmate, Urlease Walker, tried to escape. Wilson called deputy J. C. Henderson to escort him to a phone to call his mother. He hit Henderson twice with a broken-off stool leg, then let Walker out of his cell. Though injured, Henderson managed to get them both back in their cells.³¹ Wilson was convicted of attempted murder for the attack on Henderson, and later transferred to the state penitentiary.³⁰ No other information has been found online about his eventual fate.

     Robert Ireland Ragland was born on 2 December 1880 (Social security records and his death certificate say 1882) in Clayton, Concordia Parish, Louisiana.^2,6,7,4,5 He married Agnes Lillian Bruce, daughter of John Henry Bruce and Matilda Glover, on 1 June 1909 in Natchez, Adams Co., Mississippi.^1,8,9 They were divorced (filed by Agnes) in April 1926 in El Paso, El Paso Co., Texas,¹⁰ then remarried on 30 September 1927 in Adams Co., Mississippi.¹¹ He died on 11 July 1939 at home in Monroe, Ouachita Parish, Louisiana, at age 58 from heart failure.^5,12 He was buried on 12 July 1939 at Hasley Cemetery (Sect. 1, Plot 346, Grave 4) in West Monroe, Ouachita Parish.^12,6
     He and his wife Agnes are listed in Ferriday, Concordia Parish, Louisiana, in the 1910 census, in the same house as Agnes's brother George and his family, but as a separate household. Living with them was Ramer Lancaster (the first name is difficult to read), listed as a brother-in-law.⁸
     By 1918 they had moved to El Paso, El Paso Co., Texas, where Robert is listed in the city directories from 1918 to 1925¹³, and Agnes is listed from 1920 to 1923 and 1925 to 1927.¹⁴ They are also listed there together in the 1920 census.¹⁵ They then moved back to Louisiana, probably in 1927 when they were remarried in nearby Adams Co., Mississippi.¹¹ They are listed together in Monroe, Ouachita Parish, Louisiana, in the 1930 census.¹⁶
     According to the censuses and his obituary, he was a locomotive engineer for the Missouri Pacific Railroad for 37 years.^8,15,16,12 While living in El Paso, however, he was listed in the city directory as the proprietor of the Tri-State Hotel in 1919, and the Hotel Glenn from 1921 to 1924.¹⁷

     James Ellis Hutchinson was born on 30 September 1878 in Port Gibson, Claiborne Co., Mississippi.^6,5,7 He married Agnes Lillian Bruce, daughter of John Henry Bruce and Matilda Glover, sometime between 1940, when Agnes was listed as a widow in the census, and 1949, when her mother's obituary lists her as Mrs. Agnes Hutchinson.^1,8,4,3,9 He died on 7 May 1959 at home in Lee Bayou, Catahoula Parish, Louisiana, at age 80 from tuberculosis.^2,7 He was buried at Old Pine Hill Cemetery in Sicily Island, Catahoula Parish.^7,10
     He and his wife Agnes are listed in Ward 1, Catahoula Parish, Louisiana, in the 1950 census.¹¹

     John Medine Bruce was born on 29 June 1895 in Lee Bayou, Catahoula Parish, Louisiana.^1,2,4 He married first Pansy Blossom Thomas (license dated 4 August 1923 in Jefferson Co., Texas), daughter of Chase S. Thomas and Ruby Pearl Waldren.^5,4 (The Vick genealogy says they were married 5 August 1923 in Sour Lake, Hardin Co., Texas.)⁴ They were later divorced, probably between 1935 and 1940.⁶ He married second Lucy Lee Froelich, daughter of Gustauve Froelich and Pixcie Dolen, on 16 February 1946 at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Paul White in Sour Lake, Hardin Co., Texas.^7,4 They were later divorced.⁸ He married third Viva Bell, daughter of Frank Bell and Martha Louise Powell.^9,10 He died on 4 January 1963 at Hotel Dieu Hospital in Beaumont, Jefferson Co., Texas, at age 67 from a stroke.² He was buried on 6 January 1963 at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Beaumont.²
     He served in the U.S. Navy during World War I, enlisting in Houston, Harris Co., Texas, on 14 July 1917. He was sent for training at Harvard Radio School in Cambridge, Middlesex Co., Massachusetts, from 8 August 1917 to 29 December 1917, then served on the USS Arizona from 31 December 1917 to 11 November 1918.¹¹
     The Arizona remained stateside during the war, serving as a training ship for crewmen of armed merchant vessels. However, a week after the armistice was signed on 11 November 1918, she sailed to Portland Harbor, Dorset, England, arriving on 30 November. She sailed for France two weeks later, and on 13 December was part of a fleet of ten battleships and twenty-eight destroyers escorting the USS George Washington, with Pres. Woodrow Wilson on board, to Brest, France, for the Paris Peace Conference. The Arizona left for home the next day, and arrived in New York on 26 December.¹²
     He was discharged a few weeks later, on 10 February 1919 in New Orleans, Orleans Parish, Louisiana, with a final rating of electrician first class - radio.¹¹
     In the 1920 census he is listed as a roomer living with the family of John R. Fallens in Sour Lake, Hardin Co., Texas.¹³
     In 1930 he and his first wife Pansy are listed in DeQuincy, Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana, along with their daughter Helaine and Pansy's mother Ruby Hamilton.¹⁴ He is again listed in DeQuincy in 1940, as a lodger with the family of John Cutrer. He's listed as married, but with his spouse not present.¹⁵ Pansy is listed as divorced in 1940, and she and their children Helane and John were living with Sue Farrior in Ward 3, Calcasieu Parish.¹⁶
     He's listed in the 1950 census in DeQuincy with his second wife Lucy.¹⁷
     He worked for the Missouri Pacific Railroad for a total of 42 years, mostly as a telegraph operator, often traveling throughout Texas, Louisiana, and Missouri, before retiring in 1953 due to health concerns. He also served as general chairman of the Order of Railroad Telegraphers for several years.^18,19
     In July 1951 he and his wife Lucy bought 57 acres of farmland near DeQuincy, and over the next four years cleared the land for grazing cattle and growing hay, and repaired and restored their home there. Their progress was slowed by health issues; he had a heart attack, and she underwent a major operation.¹⁸
     He moved to Beaumont, Jefferson Co., Texas, about 1959.²

     Lucy M. Register was born in August 1881 in Louisiana.³ She married Frederick Southmayd Bruce, son of John Henry Bruce and Matilda Glover, on 9 June 1909 in Natchez, Adams Co., Mississippi.^1,2 They divorced in 1925 in Vidalia, Concordia Parish, Louisiana.² She died on 10 March 1956 at home in Natchez at age 74.⁴ She was buried at Natchez City Cemetery in Natchez.⁵
     In 1910 she and her husband Frederick were living with his parents in Catahoula Parish, Louisiana, along with their infant son Frederick Jr. and niece Ruth Gillespie.⁶ They moved to Ferriday, Concordia Parish, Louisiana, sometime before 1920, when they were listed there in the census.⁷

     According to his death certificate, William Israel Gillespie was born on 15 January 1861 (the Vick genealogy says 17 December 1860, his cemetery marker says 1861, and the 1900 census says January 1862) in Natchez, Adams Co., Mississippi.^4,5,2,6 He married first Arlette Bruce, daughter of John Henry Bruce and Matilda Glover, on 25 June 1898 in Lee Bayou, Catahoula Parish, Louisiana.^1,7 He married second Alice Mary Egloff about 1910 (see below).⁸ He died on 24 January 1943 in Foules, Catahoula Parish, at age 82 from acute myocarditis (heart inflammation).⁴ He was buried at Natchez City Cemetery in Natchez, Adams Co., Mississippi.²
     No direct evidence has been found online specifically proving that Lettie Bruce's first husband William Gillespie married second Alice Egloff, but circumstantial evidence strongly supports that conclusion.
     First, William and Alice are listed together in Catahoula Parish in the 1910 to 1940 censuses, and the 1910 census lists this as William's second marriage.^8,9,10,11 Their 1920 and 1930 entries include children Sam D., Willie I., Hervie, and Alice, and the obituary for Mrs. Alice Newsom lists children S. D. Gillespie, Willie I. Gillespie, and Mrs. Homer Tiffie, plus a brother Herbert Egloff.¹² Taken together, this indicates that the Alice listed as William's wife from 1910 to 1940 was Alice (Egloff) (Gillespie) Newsom.
     Further, William Gillespie and Lettie Bruce had a daughter Ruth, as shown by the 1910 census entry for Lettie's brother Frederick Bruce, which lists Ruth Gillespie as his niece¹³, and the 1920 census entry for Lettie's mother Mittie, which lists Ruth as her granddaughter.¹⁴ Ruth married Otto Lancaster, and her 1981 obituary names half-siblings Hervey Gillespie, S. D. Gillespie, and Mrs. Alice Tiffee, consistent with the names of William and Alice's children.¹⁵
     In summary, the above indicates that the William Gillespie who married Lettie Bruce is the same William Gillespie who later married Alice Egloff.
     He and his first wife Arlette are listed in Ward 1, Catahoula Parish, Louisiana, in the 1900 census.⁶
     In December 1933 he was appointed to the Catahoula Parish school board, replacing his first wife Lettie's brother Henry Bruce who had been killed earlier that month.¹⁶

     Arthur Louis Knesel was born on 10 July 1896 in New Orleans, Orleans Parish, Louisiana.^1,2 He married first Arlette Bruce, daughter of John Henry Bruce and Matilda Glover, on 2 July 1916 (see below).^3,4,2 He married second Billie Barnes about December 1942 at St. Patrick's Catholic Church in Monroe, Ouachita Parish, Louisiana.⁵ He died on 30 January 1965 in Ferriday, Concordia Parish, Louisiana, at age 68.⁶ He was buried on 1 February 1965 at Natchez City Cemetery in Natchez, Adams Co., Mississippi.^6,7
     The date of 2 July 1916 for his marriage to Arlette Bruce is from the Vick genealogy, and may be wrong.² He served overseas with the U.S. Army from June 1918 to May 1919⁸, and on 7 January 1920 was listed as single and living with his parents in New Orleans when enumerated in the census.⁹
     As noted above, he served in the U.S. Army during World War I, enlisting on 4 June 1918, as a private first class in a medical unit, part of Base Hospital 102.⁸ He sailed with his unit from Baltimore, Maryland on 4 August 1918 on the Umbria, bound for Italy.¹⁰ He was stationed in Vicenza in northern Italy, about 30 miles west of Venice. His unit returned to the U.S. after the war on the Dante Alighieri, arriving in New York on 18 April 1919.¹¹ He arrived home in New Orleans ten days later¹², and was discharged on 2 May.⁸
     He may have moved about March 1920 with his first wife Arlette from New Orleans to El Paso, El Paso Co., Texas, where she took a position as head nurse at a new tuberculosis sanatorium being built in Highland Park, headed by Dr. A. D. Long.¹³ Lettie is listed there in the 1921 city directory, and they are both listed there in 1922 and 1923.¹⁴ He was working as a stenographer at the sanitorium in 1922, and was listed as a student in 1923.¹⁵
     He and Arlette moved to Denver, Colorado, about 1923, where he is listed in the 1924 city directory as a student.¹⁶
     He returned to Louisiana sometime before 1942, when he was living in Ferriday, Concordia Parish¹⁷, and was the owner/operator of Knesel's Esso Service station there for many years.⁶

     Willie Lancaster was born on 21 July 1890 in Utica, Hinds Co., Mississippi (the Vick genealogy says, apparently erroneously, in Clayton, Concordia Parish, Louisiana).^2,4,3 She married George Glover Bruce, son of John Henry Bruce and Matilda Glover, on 29 April 1908 in Natchez, Adams Co., Mississippi.^1,3 She died on 17 March 1949 at the Wright Bendel Clinic in Monroe, Ouachita Parish, Louisiana, at age 58 from chronic myocarditis (heart inflammation).² She was buried at Riverview Cemetery in Monroe.^2,5
     She and her husband George are listed in Ferriday, Concordia Parish, Louisiana, in the 1910 census, along with their son George Arthur Bruce (listed as Auther). Living with them, but listed as a separate household, were George's sister Agnes and her husband Robert Ragland, plus Ramer Lancaster (the first name is difficult to read), listed as a brother-in-law.⁶
     They are listed in Monroe, Ouachita Parish, Louisiana, in the censuses from 1920 to 1940. In 1920 they had a boarder Lillian Laree, and a lodger Lincoln Ream.^4,7,8