Charles E. Houghton1

M, #91831, b. circa 1849

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
Birthcirca 1849RI, USA, age 1 in 1850 census1
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S1226] 1850 U.S. Federal Census , Milford, Worcester, Massachusetts; Roll: M432_344; Page: 41;
    line 1, dwl 593.

Frances J. Houghton1

F, #91832, b. circa 1849

Biography

Corresponded with authorN
A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Birthcirca 1849MA, USA, age 31 in 1880 census
1880 Census1880Middleborough, Plymouth Co., MA, USA, Frances J. Houghton, age 31, MA, both parents born NH, with Southworth and Elvira Loring1
ParentsDparents born NH1
Duplicate
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S1229] 1880 U.S. Federal Census , Middleborough, Plymouth, Massachusetts; Roll: T9_551; Family History Film: 1254551; Page: 444A; Enumeration District: 568; sheet 9, line 49, dwl 78-93.

Robert Haughton1

M, #91833, b. 1793, d. 1861

Family: Ann Dixon b. 1798, d. 6 Feb 1868

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
Birth1793Ireland, age 55 in 1850 census1
Marriage1
Immigration1850
1850 Census1850Northampton, Hampshire Co., MA, USA, age 55, a joiner1
Death1861
BurialBridge Street Cemetery, Northampton, MA, USA, All the children buried here
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S1226] 1850 U.S. Federal Census , Northampton, Hampshire, Massachusetts; Roll: M432_320; Page: 94; line 23, dwl 231-291.

Ann Dixon1

F, #91834, b. 1798, d. 6 February 1868

Family: Robert Haughton b. 1793, d. 1861

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
Birth1798Ireland, age 52 in 1850 census1
Marriage1
BurialBridge Street Cemetery, Northampton, MA, USA, All the children buried here
DeathFeb 6, 1868Northampton, MA, USA
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S1226] 1850 U.S. Federal Census , Northampton, Hampshire, Massachusetts; Roll: M432_320; Page: 94; line 23, dwl 231-291.

Hannah Haughton1

F, #91835, b. circa 1838

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
Birthcirca 1838Ireland, age 12 in 1850 census1
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S1226] 1850 U.S. Federal Census , Northampton, Hampshire, Massachusetts; Roll: M432_320; Page: 94; line 23, dwl 231-291.

Robert Haughton1

M, #91836, b. 1829, d. 10 December 1899

Family: Emma J. Tetlow b. 1827, d. 23 Jan 1892

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
Birth1829Ireland, age 21 in 1850 census; age 40 in 1870 census; age 50 in 1880 census1
Occupation1850a tinner2
Marriage3
1870 Census1870Lawrence, Essex Co., MA, USA, an age 40, a tin smith, property $3500-$10001,3
1880 Census1880Lawrence, Essex Co., MA, USA, age 50, tinsmith4
DeathDec 10, 1899Northampton, MA, USA
BurialBridge Street Cemetery, Northampton, MA, USA
ParentsSparents born in Ireland
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S235] U.S. Census, 1870 US Census, Lawrence, Ward 3, Essex Co., MA, Reel 609, p. 256b, line 8, dwl 386.
  2. [S1226] 1850 U.S. Federal Census , Northampton, Hampshire, Massachusetts; Roll: M432_320; Page: 94; line 23, dwl 231-291.
  3. [S1228] 1870 U.S. Federal Census , Lawrence Ward 4, Essex, Massachusetts; roll: M593_609; Page: 256B; Image: 517; Family History Library Film: 552108; line 8, dwl 386-518.
  4. [S1229] 1880 U.S. Federal Census , Lawrence, Essex, Massachusetts; Roll: 530; Family History Film: 1254530; Page: 478D; Enumeration District: 199; Image: 0578; line 39, dwl 144-60-88.

Ehab Salah Kouta1

M, #91838, b. 1 July 1981

Family: Lisa Kay Hughes b. 12 Sep 1964

Biography

Corresponded with authorN
A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectY
BirthJul 1, 19811
MarriageJul 18, 2007Alexandria, Egypt, religious ceremony / wedding party1
Contributn
ParentsSfather is Salah Abdel Kouta; Mother is Mohdia El-Basuone.1
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S415] E-mail from Lisa Kay Kouta, Aug 1, 2008.
  2. [S415] E-mail from grandmother Carolyn Sue Houghton Chapman, on July 7, 2011.

Stephanie Joy Wynia1

F, #91839, b. 4 February 2000

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
BirthFeb 4, 2000Columbus, Franklin Co., OH, USA1
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S415] E-mail from Lisa Kay Kouta, Aug 1, 2008.

Joseph Willard1

M, #91840, b. 14 March 1798, d. 12 May 1865

Biography

Corresponded with authorN
A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
BirthMar 14, 1798Cambridge, Middlesex Co., MA, USA2
Author1826Lancaster, MA, USA, Topographical and historical sketches of the town of Lancaster
DeathMay 12, 1865Boston, Suffolk Co., MA, USA2
BiographyAnother son of Joseph, Joseph, author, born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, 14 March, 1798; died in Boston, Massachusetts, 12 May, 1865, studied at Phillips Exeter academy, was graduated at Harvard in 1816, studied law in Amherst, practised in Waltham and Lancaster, and settled in Boston in 1829. He became master of chancery in 1838, was appointed joint clerk with George C. Wilde, of the supreme court and court of common pleas of Suffolk county, and held these offices until 1856, when they became elective. He was then chosen clerk of the superior court for five years, and re-elected for a like term in 1861. Mr. Willard was corresponding secretary of the Massachusetts historical society from 1829 till 1864, and many years a trustee of the old Boston library, lie was the author of " Topographical and Historical Sketches of the Town of Lancaster in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts" (Worcester, 1826); " Address to the Members of the Bar of Worcester County, 2 October, 1829" (Lancaster, 1830); "Address in Commemoration of the 200th Anniversary of the Incorporation of Lancaster, Massachusetts, with an Appendix" (Boston, 1853); " The Willard Memoir, or Life and Times of Major Simon Willard, and Some Account of the Name and Family in Europe from an Early Day" (1858); "Naturalization in the American Colonies" (1859); and "Letter to an English Friend on the Rebellion in the United States and on the British Policy" (1862). He edited the fifth edition of the "Narrative of the Captivity and Removes of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson among the Indians" (Lancaster, 1828), and was the author of many addresses, pamphlets, and contributions to various magazines. He left, incomplete, a "Life" of Gem Henry Knox.2
Research1826Topographical and historical sketches of the town of Lancaster
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S1085] Joseph Willard, Lancaster MA Hx - Willard.
  2. [S654] Electronic Web Site, , http://virtualology.com/simonwillard/

Edward Houghton1

M, #91841, b. circa 1817

Family: Eliza (?) b. c 1813

Biography

Corresponded with authorN
A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Birthcirca 1817MA, USA, age 33 in 1850 census1
Marriage1
1850 Census1850Boston, Suffolk Co., MA, USA, age 33, clerk1
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S1226] 1850 U.S. Federal Census , Boston Ward 10, Suffolk, Massachusetts; Roll: M432_337; Page: 380; line 40, dwl 705-1111.

Eliza (?)1

F, #91842, b. circa 1813

Family: Edward Houghton b. c 1817

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
Birthcirca 1813MA, USA, age 37 in 1850 census1
Marriage1
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S1226] 1850 U.S. Federal Census , Boston Ward 10, Suffolk, Massachusetts; Roll: M432_337; Page: 380; line 40, dwl 705-1111.

Edward Houghton1

M, #91843, b. circa 1842

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
Birthcirca 1842MA, USA, age 8 in 1850 census1
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S1226] 1850 U.S. Federal Census , Boston Ward 10, Suffolk, Massachusetts; Roll: M432_337; Page: 380; line 40, dwl 705-1111.

Ann Houghton1

F, #91844, b. circa 1843

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
Birthcirca 1843MA, USA, age 7 in 1850 census1
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S1226] 1850 U.S. Federal Census , Boston Ward 10, Suffolk, Massachusetts; Roll: M432_337; Page: 380; line 40, dwl 705-1111.

Maria Houghton1

F, #91845, b. circa 1847

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
Birthcirca 1847MA, USA, age 3 in 1850 census1
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S1226] 1850 U.S. Federal Census , Boston Ward 10, Suffolk, Massachusetts; Roll: M432_337; Page: 380; line 40, dwl 705-1111.

Eliza Houghton1

F, #91846, b. circa 1845

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
Birthcirca 1845MA, USA, age 5 in 1850 census1
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S1226] 1850 U.S. Federal Census , Boston Ward 10, Suffolk, Massachusetts; Roll: M432_337; Page: 380; line 40, dwl 705-1111.

Anna Houghton1

F, #91847, b. circa 1840

Biography

Corresponded with authorN
A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Birthcirca 1840MA, USA, age 10 in 1850 census1
ResearchOnly in 1850 census; not in Harvard MA VRs
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S1226] 1850 U.S. Federal Census , Harvard, Worcester, Massachusetts; Roll: M432_341; Page: 29;
    line 25, dwl 105-187.

Sullivan A. Houghton1

M, #91848, b. circa 1838

Biography

Corresponded with authorN
A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Birthcirca 1838MA, USA, age 12 in 1850 census1
ResearchOnly in 1850 census; given as Sullivan A. "; unclear if Houghton or who mother was1
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S1226] 1850 U.S. Federal Census , Harvard, Worcester, Massachusetts; Roll: M432_341; Page: 29; line 30, dwl 165-188.

Guy Brown1

M, #91849, b. circa 1785

Family: Eunice Houghton b. 13 May 1794

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
Birthcirca 1785MA, USA, age 65 in 1850 census1
Marriage1
1850 Census1850Stow, Middlesex Co., MA, USA, age 65, a laborer1
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S1226] 1850 U.S. Federal Census , Stow, Middlesex, Massachusetts; Roll: M432_324; Page: 405;
    line 20, dwl 120-143.

Lucy A. Brown1

F, #91850, b. circa 1838

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
Birthcirca 1838MA, USA, age 12 in 1850 census1
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S1226] 1850 U.S. Federal Census , Stow, Middlesex, Massachusetts; Roll: M432_324; Page: 405;
    line 20, dwl 120-143.

Abigail Brown1

F, #91851, b. circa 1845

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
Birthcirca 1845MA, USA, age 5 in 1850 census1
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S1226] 1850 U.S. Federal Census , Stow, Middlesex, Massachusetts; Roll: M432_324; Page: 405;
    line 20, dwl 120-143.

Henry M. Penniman1

M, #91852, b. circa 1851

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
Birthcirca 1851MA, USA, age 9 in 1860 census1
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S1227] 1860 U.S. Federal Census , New Braintree, Worcester, Massachusetts; Roll: M653_533; Page: 13; line 9, dwl 82-95.

Lucy A. Penniman1

F, #91853, b. circa 1852

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
Birthcirca 1852MA, USA, age 8 in 1860 census1
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S1227] 1860 U.S. Federal Census , New Braintree, Worcester, Massachusetts; Roll: M653_533; Page: 13; line 9, dwl 82-95.

Elizabeth (?)1

F, #91854, b. circa 1823

Family: Merrick Houghton b. 28 Oct 1799, d. 13 Nov 1861

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
Birthcirca 1823MA, USA, age 27 in 1850 census1
Marriage1
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S1227] 1860 U.S. Federal Census , Orangetown, Rockland, New York; Roll: M653_851; Page: 0; line 35, dwl 1013-1219.

Mary Houghton1

F, #91855, b. circa 1796

Family:

Biography

Corresponded with authorN
A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Birthcirca 1796VT, USA, age 54 in 1850 census1
1840 Census1840Groton, Middlesex Co., MA, USA, 3 Total: 1 male 5 to 10 (1830-1835); 1 female 40 to 50 (1790-1799)2
1850 Census1850Groton, Middlesex Co., MA, USA, age 541
DuplicateGroton, Middlesex Co., MA, USA
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S1226] 1850 U.S. Federal Census , Groton, Middlesex, Massachusetts; Roll: M432_323; Page: 26; line 39, dwl 163-200.
  2. [S1225] 1840 U.S. Federal Census , Groton, Middlesex, Massachusetts; Roll: 190; Page: 244.

Charles W. Houghton1

M, #91856, b. circa 1832

Biography

Corresponded with authorN
A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Birthcirca 1832VT, USA, age 18 in 1850 census1
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S1226] 1850 U.S. Federal Census , Groton, Middlesex, Massachusetts; Roll: M432_323; Page: 26; line 39, dwl 163-200.

Dr. William Gordon Crowell PhD1

M, #91857, b. 20 August 1944

Family: Mei-Yueh Chen

Biography

Corresponded with authorY
A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectY
BirthAug 20, 1944Los Angeles, Los Angeles Co., CA, USA2
MarriageApr 2, 1977Crystal Lake, WA, USA2
Author1979University of Washington, WA, USA, Government land policies and systems in early imperial China (874 pp); PhD dissertation of the University of Washington, Seattle 1979
Education1979University of Washington, WA, USA, PhD in Chinese history
AddressAug 5, 20082592 City View St., Eugene, OR, USA, The_Claudians@me.com;
wmgcrowell@comcast.net1
CorrespondFeb 1, 2018266 N Lotus Isle Dr, Portland, OR, USA, theclaudians@gmail.com
BiographyCurriculum Vita

Present Independent scholar and writer

2006 Visiting Scholar, Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan

2005 Adjunct Assistant Professor, East Asian Languages and Literatures,
          University of Oregon, Eugene Oregon

2003 Adjunct Assistant Professor, East Asian Languages and Literatures,
University of Oregon, Eugene Oregon.
     
1999-2002 Foreign Service Officer, U.S. Dept. of State, Washington, DC. Assigned to Tokyo, Japan.
          Retired December 2002.

1982-99     Foreign Service Officer, U.S. Information Agency, Washington, DC. Assignments to
Tokyo and Fukuoka, Japan; Beijing and Shenyang, PRC; Reykjavik, Iceland; Bamako, Mali

1981-82     Outreach Coordinator, East Asia Resource Center, Jackson School of International
Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.

1982 Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Washington.

1980-81 Assistant Professor, History Dept, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles California.


Education and Training:
Japanese, Foreign Service Institute Language School, Yokohama, Japan, 1999-2000.
French language, Foreign Service Institute, Arlington, Virginia, 1991.
Ph. D.     Chinese History, University of Washington, 1979
M. A.     East Asia History, University of Hawaii, 1970
Chinese, Mandarin Chinese Training Ctr., National Taiwan Normal Univ, 1967-68
B.A.     History, The College of Idaho. 1966




Fellowships:
1979-80     Post Doctoral fellowship. Committee for Scholarly Communication with the People’s Republic of China.
1974 - 75     Fulbright-Hays Dissertation Research Abroad Fellowship. Taipei, Taiwan.
1971-73,     NDEA Title VI Foreign Language and Area Studies Fellowships.
1976-77 University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
1966-70 East-West Center Grantee. University of Hawai’i, Honolulu, Hawai’i.


Papers and Publications:
“Taklamakan,” Unpublished ms. (fiction)
“Tradition and History: Quebei, Sunshu Ao, and the Persistance of a Narrative,” Asia Major
(3rd Series) 27.1 (2014): 33-72.
“History and Tradition: The Origins of the Quebei Reservoir,” T’oung Pao, 98 (212): 349-84.
“Bingjia bi zheng de Shouchun–Lishi xingxiang de xingcheng yu zhuanbian,” Hanxue yanjiu 30.1 (March 2012): 93-130. Trans. Hsing I-tien.
Empresses and Consorts: Selections from Chen Shou’s Records of the Three States with Pei
Songzhi’s Commentary. University of Hawai’i Press, 1999. With Robert Joe Cutter.
"Residence Determination: Emigrés and the Problems of Census Registration under the
Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties." In Albert Dien, ed. State and Society in Early Medieval China (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1990).
"Social Unrest and Rebellion in Jiangnan during the Six Dynasties," Modern China,
July, 1983."Tang Yuzhi: Peasant Rebel or What?" Presented at the Northwest Regional Seminar on East Asia, University of Washington, March, 1982.
"Residence Determination: Emigrés and the Problems of Census Registration under the
Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties." Presented at the Conference on the Nature
of State and Society in Medieval China, Stanford University, August, 1980.
"Wei, Jin, Nan-Bei chao Studies in the People's Republic of China," Nan-Pei ch'ao
Studies, 1980.4
“The State of Wei, Jin Nan-Bei chao Studies in the U.S.A.," Nanjing University Journal,
August, 1980 (in Chinese).
"The Land Limitations of Emperor Ai -- A Re-examination." Presented at the 12th Annual
Conference of Asian Studies on the Pacific Coast, June 1977.


Translation:
     Hsing I-tien ¨·¸q¥Ð. “Heracles in the East: The Diffusion and Transformation of His Image in the Arts of Central Asia, India, and Medieval China,” Asia Major, 3rd Series, XVIII.2: 103-54. Translation of ¡q»®©Ô§J§Q´µ¦bªF¤è’¨ä§Î¶H¦b¥j¥N¤¤¨È¦L«×»P¤¤°ê³y«¬ÃÀ³N¤¤ªº¬y¼½»PÅܧΡr. In ºa·s¦¿©M§õ§µÁo. ¡m¤¤¥~Ãö«Y¥v·s¥v®Æ»P·s°ÝÃD¡n



Book Reviews:
Damien Chaussende. Des Trois Royaumes aux Jin: Legitmation du pouvoir imperial en Chine au IIIe siècle. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2010, in Bulletin of the School of African and Oriental Studies (February 2011).
On-cho Ng and Q. Edward Wang, Mirroring the Past: The Writing and Use of History in Imperial China, in Early Medieval China, 12 (2006): 183-204.
Robin Wang, ed., Images of Women in Chinese Thought and Culture: Writings from the Pre-Qin Period through the Song Dynasty, in Journal of the Social and Economic History of the Orient, 48.1 (2005).
Brent Hinsch, Women in Early Imperial China, in Nan Nü, 5.2 (2003).
Rafe DeCrespigny, Northern Frontier: The Policies and Strategies of the Later Han Empire,
in Journal of Asian Studies, XLV.5 (November, 1986).
Hans Bielenstein, The Bureaucracy of Han Times, in Journal of American Oriental Society, 104.3 (1984).
Ch'i-yun Ch'en, Hsun Yueh and the Mind of Late Han China, in Journal of American Oriental Society, 104.2 (1984).
Cho-yun Hsu, Han Agriculture, in Journal of Asian History (Wiesbaden), XV.2 1981.

Service to the Field:
Referee for articles submitted to Nan Nü and Asia Major.

Blogs:

     "Owyhee Marginalia" www.owyheemarginalia.com Includes work in progress "Early Life in the Owyhee"

     “Zhuangzi’s Muddy Tail” www.zhuangzismuddytail.com Random notes on travels and other activities unrelated to the Owyhee

I've pretty much moved away from Chinese history and am focusing on volunteer work in the Oregon High Desert.

I have completed the chapter of my family history pertaining to Horace Sylvester Houghton and Benjamin Eastman Jacobs and their lives in Montana. I'd be happy to share it with you and would welcome your comments. This would be with the understanding that it is still a draft and not for publication. I am currently writing up something on Joseph Austin Jacobs as background (and the first draft of that chapter of the history) to some photos (see next), copies of which I plan to give to the St. Lawrence County Historical Association.1
ResearchIt was she who gave me the photo montage, and without her it would have been lost. Her role is described in the background material, and you will find her in the Gedcom file I sent. Like me, she is a gggrandchild of Julia Ann Houghton.
Contributn

Author

  • Author: Dr. William Gordon Crowell PhD was the author of CROWELL, William G[ordon]. “Social Unrest and Rebellion in Jiangnan during the Six
    Dynaties.” Modern China 9.3 (1983): 319-54.
    CROWELL, William Gordon. “Tradition and History: Quebei, Sunshu Ao, and the
    Persistence of a Narrative.” AM (new series) 27.1 (2014): 33-71. [On the Quebei ÉÖÚé reservoir and Sunshu Ao ŒOÊå°½.] in 1983.
  • Author: He was one of the translatorsr of Empresses and Consorts: Selections from Chen Shou's Records of the Three States with Pei Songzhi's Commentary Hardcover – Bargain Price, March, 1999
    by Shou Chen (Author),? William Gordon Crowell (Translator),? Robert Joe Cutter (Translator) in 1999.
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S90] Photograph with date, from Bill Crowell, Aug 5, 2008.
  2. [S415] E-mail from Bill Crowell, Aug. 7, 2008.

Calista Philena Jacobs1

F, #91858, b. 10 August 1857, d. 16 August 1872

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
BirthAug 10, 1857NY, USA1
DeathAug 16, 187215 y 6 d1
BurialCarville Cemetery, St. Lawrence Co., NY, USA2
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S90] Photograph with date, from Bill Crowell, Aug 5, 2008.
  2. [S415] E-mail from Bill Crowell, Aug 5, 2008.

Jessie Mabel Jacobs1

F, #91859, b. 20 June 1888, d. 4 November 1942

Family: William Wells Baldwin

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
BirthJun 20, 1888Butte, Silver Bow Co., MT, USA1
MarriageMar 1, 1909Baker, Baker Co., OR, USA1
DeathNov 4, 1942Merrill, OR, USA, age 542
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S415] E-mail from Bill Crowell, Aug 5, 2008.
  2. [S415] E-mail from Bill Crowell, Aug. 7, 2008.

William Wells Baldwin1

M, #91860

Family: Jessie Mabel Jacobs b. 20 Jun 1888, d. 4 Nov 1942

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
MarriageMar 1, 1909Baker, Baker Co., OR, USA1
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S415] E-mail from Bill Crowell, Aug 5, 2008.
  2. [S415] E-mail from Bill Crowell, Aug. 7, 2008.