Lynn Oscar Andrus1,2

M, #24631, b. 25 March 1894, d. 21 January 1954

Family: Henrietta Bell

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
BirthMar 25, 1894Lakeshore, Utah, UT, USA3
Marriage
ImmigrationLong Beach, CA, USA1
DeathJan 21, 1954Kern Co., CA, USA2
AFN7CV7-MW
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S415] E-mail from Marilyn Dickerson, Feb. 25, 2001: Life Sketch of Lucy Emeline Houghton Andrus by her daughter Hazel Andrus Chatwin Robbins.
  2. [S882] Ancestry.Com, online www.ancestry.com, California Deaths, 1940-97, Houghton Surname, Feb. 27, 2002.
  3. [S265] J. P. Little Letter, 1997.

Henrietta Bell

F, #24632, b. 1894

Family: Lynn Oscar Andrus

Biography

Corresponded with authorN
A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Birth18941
AFNFON7-W4
Marriage
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S415] E-mail to Charles J. Vella from Paul E. Reed, June 1998.

Lucy Merle Andrus1

F, #24633, b. 7 December 1895

Family: James Sylvester Gregersen

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
BirthDec 7, 1895Lakeshore, Utah, UT, USA1
Marriage1
AFN3J9M-PC
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S265] J. P. Little Letter, 1997.

James Sylvester Gregersen1

M, #24634, b. 25 July 1891

Family: Lucy Merle Andrus

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
BirthJul 25, 1891Bellevue, Washington, UT, USA2
Marriage1
AFN1QNQ-96
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S265] J. P. Little Letter, 1997.
  2. [S415] E-mail to Charles J. Vella from Paul E. Reed, June 1998.

Orson Paul Schletter1

M, #24635, b. 1895

Family: Lucy Merle Andrus

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
Birth1895
Marriage2nd1
AFNC8D4-6Q
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S265] J. P. Little Letter, 1997.

Eve Martha Andrus1

F, #24636, b. 20 December 1897

Biography

Corresponded with authorN
A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
BirthDec 20, 1897Lakeshore, UT, USA1
AFN7CV7-N3
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S415] E-mail from Marilyn Dickerson, Feb. 25, 2001: Life Sketch of Lucy Emeline Houghton Andrus by her daughter Hazel Andrus Chatwin Robbins.

Ernest Andrus1

M, #24637, b. 4 January 1900

Biography

Corresponded with authorN
A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
BirthJan 4, 1900Mammoth, Juab, UT, USA1
AFN7CV7-P8
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S265] J. P. Little Letter, 1997.

Afton Edgar Andrus1

M, #24638, b. 2 November 1902, d. 7 January 1932

Biography

Corresponded with authorN
A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
BirthNov 2, 1902Spanish Fork, Utah, UT, USA2
DeathJan 7, 19322
AFN7CV7-QF
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S265] J. P. Little Letter, 1997.
  2. [S1473] Not given, Spanish Fork records, Spanish Fork, Utah Co. UT, p. 159.

June Francine Andrus1

F, #24639, b. 26 June 1905

Biography

Corresponded with authorN
A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
BirthJun 26, 1905Mammoth, Juab, UT, USA
AFN7CV7-RL
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S265] J. P. Little Letter, 1997.

Keith Milo Andrus1

M, #24640, b. 2 May 1909, d. 11 January 1988

Biography

Corresponded with authorN
A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
BirthMay 2, 1909Mammoth, UT, USA1
DeathJan 11, 1988Los Angeles Co., CA, USA2
AFN7CV7-SR
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S415] E-mail from Marilyn Dickerson, Feb. 25, 2001: Life Sketch of Lucy Emeline Houghton Andrus by her daughter Hazel Andrus Chatwin Robbins.
  2. [S882] Ancestry.Com, online www.ancestry.com, California Deaths, 1940-97, Houghton Surname, Feb. 27, 2002.

Max Curtis Andrus1

M, #24641, b. 17 February 1913

Family: Ada Payne

  • Marriage*: Max Curtis Andrus married Ada Payne.2

Biography

Corresponded with authorN
A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
AFN7CV7-TX
BirthFeb 17, 1913Mammoth, UT, USA1
Marriage2
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S415] E-mail from Marilyn Dickerson, Feb. 25, 2001: Life Sketch of Lucy Emeline Houghton Andrus by her daughter Hazel Andrus Chatwin Robbins.
  2. [S265] J. P. Little Letter, 1997.

Ada Payne1

F, #24642

Family: Max Curtis Andrus

Biography

AFN7D5P-X9
A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
Marriage1
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S265] J. P. Little Letter, 1997.

Matilda Johanna Sanderson1,2

F, #24643, b. 31 January 1885, d. 17 April 1956

Family: Edgar Willis Houghton

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
BirthJan 31, 1885Santaquin, Utah, UT, USA, age 24 in 1910 census; age 33 in 1920 census; age 45 in 1930 census; age 53 in 1940 census3,4,5,2
MarriageJul 19, 1904Eureka, Juab Co., UT, USA3,2
1910 Census1910Tooele, Tooele Co., UT, USA, age 25, house carpenter6
Note19102 children born, 1 living
1930 Census1930Portland, Multnomah Co., OR, USA, age 46, a carpenter7
Divorce3,2
1940 Census1940Portland, Multnomah Co., OR, USA, age 53, divorced8
1950 US Census1950Center, Sacramento Co., CA, USA, age 66, widow, aunt of and living with Jack and Orphi Wolff, 63 & 50, Germany & Utah
DeathApr 17, 1956Castro Valley, Alameda Co., CA, USA4,5,2
BurialApr 20, 1956Hayward, Alameda Co., CA, USA3,2
BiographyDesc: petite, 5', light brwn hair, blue eyes. She had a relationship with and had planned to marry Roy Levi Kemper. Roy died on their planned wedding day.2
ParentsDSamuel Sanderson, b. Norway, and Anna Marie Bourkersson, b. Sweden3,5,2,6
AFN1 H05-BG
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S265] J. P. Little Letter, 1997.
  2. [S415] E-mail from Elaine Houghton Fontana, Apr 4, 2002.
  3. [S415] E-mail from Robert Lee Houghton, Aug. 22, 2000.
  4. [S415] E-mail from Paul E. Reed, June 1998.
  5. [S654] Electronic Web Site, , Rootsweb.Com, Houghton Surname, California Death Records, 1940-1997, Feb. 4, 2002.
  6. [S1231] 1910 U.S. Federal Census , Tooele, Tooele, Utah; Roll: T624_1609; Page: 7B; Enumeration District: 175; line 88, dwl 113-115.
  7. [S1233] 1930 U.S. Federal Census , Portland, Multnomah Co., Oregon; Roll: 1950; Enumeration District: 117; Sheet: 3B; line 91, dwl 497-122-135.
  8. [S1479] 1940 U.S. Federal Census , Portland, Multnomah, Oregon; Roll: T627_3388; Page: 5A; Enumeration District: 37-177.

Dorothy Mildred Houghton1,2

F, #24644, b. 9 January 1906, d. 25 May 1906

Biography

Corresponded with authorN
A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
BirthJan 9, 1906Eureka, Juab Co., UT, USA1,2
DeathMay 25, 1906Eureka, Juab Co., UT, USA1,2
AFN7QNT-LC
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S415] E-mail from Robert Lee Houghton, Aug. 22, 2000.
  2. [S415] E-mail from Elaine Houghton Fontana, Apr 4, 2002.

Vivian Leone Houghton1,2

F, #24645, b. 22 January 1908, d. 22 April 1911

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
BirthJan 22, 1908Santaquin, Juab Co., UT, USA, age 3 in 1910 census1,2
DeathApr 22, 1911Wallowa, Wallowa Co., OR, USA, She was holding a toy, another child tried to take it from her, let go and she fell backwards into the water.1,2
BurialWallowa, Wallowa Co., OR, USA1,2
AFN7QNT-MJ
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S415] E-mail from Robert Lee Houghton, Aug. 22, 2000.
  2. [S415] E-mail from Elaine Houghton Fontana, Apr 4, 2002.

Madelaine Lenoir Houghton1,2

F, #24646, b. 23 January 1911, d. 10 February 1967

Family: Harold William Foltz

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
BirthJan 23, 1911Santaquin, Juab, UT, USA, age 8 in 1920 census; age 19 in 1930 census1,2
MarriageSep 24, 1938Oakland, Alameda Co., CA, USA3,2
DeathFeb 10, 1967Placerville, El Dorado Co., CA, USA1,2
BurialFeb 15, 1967Golden Gate National Cemetery, San Bruno, San Mateo Co., CA, USA3,2
ObituaryFeb 23, 1967EL DORADO, CALIF services for Madelaine Houghton Foltz. 56, former Utah resident, were held here, Placerville, El Dorado, Calif. Feb. 15, 1967. She died Feb, 10, 1967, of a heart attack. Born Jan. 23, 1911, Mammoth, Utah, a daughter of Mr. and Mrs Edgar Willis Houghton. Survivors: husband: son, daughter. of Jesus Christ of David Harold, Hagensbors, B.C., Canada; Nancy Lee Heinicke, Idaho Falls. Idaho; father. Winters, Callf; sisters, Arelaine M. Foushee, Portland. Ore; Elaine Fontane, Castro Valley, Calif; Dona Call, Citrus Heights, Calif; three grandchildren Burial, Golden Gale National Cemetery, San Bruno, Calif.
AFN7BH1-P7
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S415] E-mail from Robert Lee Houghton, Aug. 22, 2000.
  2. [S415] E-mail from Elaine Houghton Fontana, Apr 4, 2002.
  3. [S415] E-mail from Robert Lee Houghton, Aug. 22, 2000 (data from a file compiled by Elaine Houghton Fontana).

Harold William Foltz1,2

M, #24647, b. 31 January 1916

Family: Madelaine Lenoir Houghton

Biography

Corresponded with authorN
A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
BirthJan 31, 1916Findlay, Hancock Co., OH, USA1,2
MarriageSep 24, 1938Oakland, Alameda Co., CA, USA1,2
AFN7BH1-N2
Mil. Serv.a careeer Navy man and retired as Chief Petty Officer2
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S415] E-mail from Robert Lee Houghton, Aug. 22, 2000 (data from a file compiled by Elaine Houghton Fontana).
  2. [S415] E-mail from Elaine Houghton Fontana, Apr 4, 2002.

Lavon Edgar Houghton1,2

M, #24648, b. 10 December 1916, d. 23 April 1964

Family 1: Mary Jane Coon

Family 2: Belva Mae Cooley

Family 3: Ellen Carol Preston

Biography

Corresponded with authorN
A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
BirthDec 10, 1916North Powder, Union, OR, USA, age 3 11/12 in 1920 census; age 13 in 1930 census; age 23 in 1940 census1,2
MarriageOct 24, 1934Stevenson, Clark Co., WA, USA3,2
Living1935Portland, OR, USA4
Marriagecirca 1940Portland, Multnomah Co., OR, USA3,2
1940 Census1940Santa Clara, CA, USA, age 23, cement mfg worker4
Divorce3,2
1950 US Census1950Eden, Alameda Co., CA, USA, age 33, steel construction, iron worker; sons David and Gary are lodgers alone elsewhere
MarriageJun 3, 1950Vancouver, WA, USA3,2
DivorceAug 25, 1961Multnomah Co., OR, USA3,2
DeathApr 23, 1964Portland, Multnomah Co., OR, USA, of pneumonia1,2
BurialMay 1, 1964Gresham, Multnomah Co., OR, USA3,2
AFN7QNS-S8
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S415] E-mail from Robert Lee Houghton, Aug. 22, 2000.
  2. [S415] E-mail from Elaine Houghton Fontana, Apr 4, 2002.
  3. [S415] E-mail from Robert Lee Houghton, Aug. 22, 2000 (data from a file compiled by Elaine Houghton Fontana).
  4. [S1479] 1940 U.S. Federal Census , Santa Clara, Santa Clara, California; Roll: m-t0627-00341; Page: 6A; Enumeration District: 43-145.

Ellen Carol Preston1

F, #24649, b. 30 November 1925

Family: Lavon Edgar Houghton

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
BirthNov 30, 1925Eldora, Hardin Co., IA, USA2,1
MarriageJun 3, 1950Vancouver, WA, USA2,1
AFN7QNS-V4
DivorceAug 25, 1961Multnomah Co., OR, USA2,1
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S415] E-mail from Elaine Houghton Fontana, Apr 4, 2002.
  2. [S415] E-mail from Robert Lee Houghton, Aug. 22, 2000 (data from a file compiled by Elaine Houghton Fontana).

Araline Marie Houghton1,2

F, #24650, b. 29 November 1918, d. 7 March 1980

Family: James Walter Foushee

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
BirthNov 29, 1918Oregon City, Clackamas Co., OR, USA, age 1 1/12 in 1920 census; age 11 in 1930 census; age 21 in 1940 census1,2
Occupation1940sign co. secretary
MarriageOct 14, 1941Portland, Multnomah Co., OR, USA3,2
DeathMar 7, 1980Portland, Multnomah Co., OR, USA1,2
BurialMar 11, 1980Portland, Multnomah Co., OR, USA3,2
AFN7QNT-PV
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S415] E-mail from Robert Lee Houghton, Aug. 22, 2000.
  2. [S415] E-mail from Elaine Houghton Fontana, Apr 4, 2002.
  3. [S415] E-mail from Robert Lee Houghton, Aug. 22, 2000 (data from a file compiled by Elaine Houghton Fontana).

Martha Elaine Houghton1

F, #24651, b. 25 January 1922

Family 1: Anthony Julian Dreyer

Family 2: Delmer Pliny Ownbey

Family 3: Theodore Fontana

Biography

Corresponded with authorN
A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectY
BirthJan 25, 1922Portland, Multnomah Co., OR, USA, age 8 in 1930 census; age 18 in 1940 census1
Occupation1940NYA School housekeeping
Divorce1940in 1940 census
Divorce1
MarriageSep 3, 1957Salt Lake City, Salt Lake Co., UT, USA1
BiographyDesc: lt brown hair, green eyes, 5'21'
AFN7QNS-HP
ResearchAll of the citations that identify Robert Lee Houghton as the source of the genealogy of Ornan Houghton were originally from a file compiled by Elaine Houghton Fontana, which she sent to Charles Vella, on Apr/6/20022
Contributn
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S415] E-mail from Elaine Houghton Fontana, Apr 4, 2002.
  2. [S415] E-mail from Robert Lee Houghton, Aug. 22, 2000.

Dona Janet Houghton1

F, #24652, b. 8 December 1924, d. 25 March 2000

Family: Robert Gordon Call

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
BirthDec 8, 1924Ardenwald, Clackamas Co., OR, USA, age 5 in 1930 census; age 15 in 1940 census1
1940 Census1940Portland, Multnomah Co., OR, USA, age 53, divorced2
MarriageNov 19, 1941Roseville, Placer Co., CA, USA3,1
DeathMar 25, 2000Carmichael, Sacramento Co., CA, USA4,1
BurialMar 28, 2000Citrus Heights, Sacramento Co., CA, USA3,1
AFN7QNP-1F
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S415] E-mail from Elaine Houghton Fontana, Apr 4, 2002.
  2. [S1479] 1940 U.S. Federal Census , Portland, Multnomah, Oregon; Roll: T627_3388; Page: 5A; Enumeration District: 37-177.
  3. [S415] E-mail from Robert Lee Houghton, Aug. 22, 2000 (data from a file compiled by Elaine Houghton Fontana).
  4. [S415] E-mail from Robert Lee Houghton, Aug. 22, 2000.

Robert Gordon Call1

M, #24653, b. 29 August 1920, d. 10 October 1980

Family: Dona Janet Houghton

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
BirthAug 29, 1920Idaho Falls, ID, USA2,1
MarriageNov 19, 1941Roseville, Placer Co., CA, USA2,1
DeathOct 10, 1980Salt Lake City, Salt Lake Co., UT, USA2,1
BurialOct 14, 1980Citrus Heights, Sacramento Co., CA, USA2,1
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S415] E-mail from Elaine Houghton Fontana, Apr 4, 2002.
  2. [S415] E-mail from Robert Lee Houghton, Aug. 22, 2000 (data from a file compiled by Elaine Houghton Fontana).

Ronald Derald Houghton1,2

M, #24654, b. 13 January 1930, d. 16 August 1936

Biography

Corresponded with authorN
A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
BirthJan 13, 1930Portland, Multnomah, OR, USA, age 3/12 in 1930 census1,2
DeathAug 16, 1936Portland, Multnomah Co., OR, USA, He was found in a pool of water at Bonneville, WA. An autopsy found no water in his lungs, indicating he died of natural causes.1,2
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S415] E-mail from Robert Lee Houghton, Aug. 22, 2000.
  2. [S415] E-mail from Elaine Houghton Fontana, Apr 4, 2002.

Pearle Ann MacNaughton1,2

F, #24655, b. 16 March 1885, d. 28 April 1967

Family: Charles Ornan Houghton

Biography

Corresponded with authorN
A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
BirthMar 16, 1885Summerville, OR, USA, age 44 in 1930 census; age 55 in 1940 census1,2
MarriagePortland, Multnomah Co., OR, USA, ages 18 and 24 at first mar1,2
1930 Census1930Portland, Multnomah Co., OR, USA, age 37, none3
1940 Census1940Portland, Multnomah Co., OR, USA, age 49, theater relief worker; and grandson John Fisher, 4, OR4
Occupation1940ladies furnishings fitter
Residence1942Portland, Multnomah Co., OR, USA5
1950 US Census1950Multinomah Co., OR, USA, age 59, no occup; and mother in law, Sarah McNaughton, 88, IA
DeathApr 28, 1967Pendleton, Umatilla Co., OR, USA1,2
AFNC8D4-83
ParentsDfather born in Scotland, mother born in MO
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S415] E-mail from Robert Lee Houghton, Aug. 22, 2000 (data from a file compiled by Elaine Houghton Fontana).
  2. [S415] E-mail from Elaine Houghton Fontana, Apr 4, 2002.
  3. [S1233] 1930 U.S. Federal Census , Portland, Multnomah Co., Oregon; Roll: 1949; Enumeration District: 24; Page 176, Sheet: 3A; line 22, dwl 65.
  4. [S1479] 1940 U.S. Federal Census , Portland, Multnomah, Oregon; Roll: T627_3385; Page: 6A; Enumeration District: 37-37.
  5. [S1323] "WWII Draft Registration 1942", The National Archives Pacific Alaska Region (Seattle); Seattle, Washington; Fourth Registration Draft Cards (WWII); State Headquarters: Oregon; Record Group Name: Records of the Selective Service System; Record Group Number: 147; Archive Number: 563991; Box Number: 58.

Annie Edna Rodham1,2

F, #24656, b. 12 November 1891, d. 26 October 1918

Family: Charles Ornan Houghton

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
BirthNov 12, 1891Annfield Plains, Lanchester, Durham, England3,1,2
Marriage1911Salt Lake City, Salt Lake Co., UT, USA, w/11,2
DeathOct 26, 1918La Grande, Union Co., OR, USA1,2
BurialOct 27, 1918La Grande, Union Co., OR, USA, of the 1918 influenza1,2
BiographyAnnie was brought to America when she was six years old by Joseph Benjamin Walton, who met the child and her mother while serving a mission for the LDS Church in England in 1895. Her mother was very poor and could not provide. Her parents were unmarried. No adoption papers have been found. She was raised by the Walton family in Provo, Utah. Both her parents were from Lanchester, Durham, England. She had red curly hair.2
AFNFX4J-T9
ParentsDSidney Callicoot and Annie Rodham1,2
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S415] E-mail from Robert Lee Houghton, Aug. 22, 2000.
  2. [S415] E-mail from Elaine Houghton Fontana, Apr 4, 2002.
  3. [S415] E-mail from Paul E. Reed, June 1998.

Jack Darrell Houghton1,2

M, #24657, b. 7 December 1915, d. 11 May 1970

Family 1: Penelope (?)

Family 2: Marjorie I (?)

Biography

Corresponded with authorN
A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
BirthDec 7, 1915La Grande, Union Co., OR, USA, age 4 in 1920 census; age 14 in 1930 census1,2
Residence1935CA, USA
1940 Census1940Guaynabo Co., Puerto Rico, age 25, corporal, US Army3
Research
Milit-BegDec 18, 1943Rank: SP2C; Branch: US Navy4
Marriage1,2
Milit-EndOct 9, 19454
No Childrn1,2
Marriage
1950 US Census1950Portland, OR, USA, age 33, retail grocery store proprietor
DeathMay 11, 1970Portland, Multnomah Co., OR, USA1,2
BurialMay 15, 1970Willamette National Cemetery, Portland, Multnomah Co., OR, USA, Plot: R, 12165,4
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S415] E-mail from Robert Lee Houghton, Aug. 22, 2000 (data from a file compiled by Elaine Houghton Fontana).
  2. [S415] E-mail from Elaine Houghton Fontana, Apr 4, 2002.
  3. [S1479] 1940 U.S. Federal Census ,, Guaynabo, Puerto Rico; Roll: T627_4596; Page: 6A; Enumeration District: 5-13; line 28.
  4. [S882] Ancestry.Com, online www.ancestry.com, National Cemetery Administration. U.S. Veterans Cemeteries, ca.1800-2004 [database online]. Provo, Utah: MyFamily.com, Inc., 2005. Original data: National Cemetery Administration. Nationwide Gravesite Locator.: Houghton surname.
  5. [S654] Electronic Web Site, , www.findagrave.com, Jul 2003.

Annie Finch Argyle1

F, #24658, b. 14 April 1861

Family: Joseph Madison Thomas

Biography

Corresponded with authorN
A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
BirthApr 14, 1861Woods Cross, Bountiful, MI, USA2
Marriage1
AFN4MK8-3S
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S265] J. P. Little Letter, 1997.
  2. [S415] E-mail to Charles J. Vella from Paul E. Reed, June 1998.

Earl Thomas1

M, #24659, b. 23 November 1886

Biography

A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Corresponded with authorN
BirthNov 23, 1886Woodscross, Davis, UT, USA1
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S265] J. P. Little Letter, 1997.

Jane Argyle Thomas1

F, #24660, b. 18 March 1888

Family: Leslie Franklin Lewis

Biography

Corresponded with authorN
A Contributor to Houghton Surname ProjectN
Marriage1
BirthMar 18, 1888Bountiful, Davis Co., UT, USA1
Pedigree

Citations

  1. [S265] J. P. Little Letter, 1997.